Western Toad
Pacific Toad, Boreal Toad, Rocky Mountain Toad
Anaxyrus boreas
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The Western Toad, also known as the Anaxyrus boreas, is a fascinating amphibian species found in various habitats across western North America. These toads are well-known for their distinct appearance, vocalizations, and ecological importance. With warty skin, a robust body, and characteristic large parotoid glands behind their eyes, Western Toads are easily identifiable. They range in size from 2 to 5 inches, making them relatively large compared to other toad species. Their preferred habitats include forests, meadows, wetlands, and even alpine regions. Western Toads are nocturnalAnimals that are active during the night and rest during the day. Beavers are primarily nocturnal, doing most of their work at night. Learn More and spend their days hiding in burrows or seeking shelter under logs or rocks. At night, they become active and are skilled hunters, preying on insects, spiders, worms, and other small invertebrates. As a defense mechanism, Western Toads can secrete‘Secreting’ means that something is being produced and released by an organism. Think about how your body produces tears when you cry or how your nose can produce mucus when you have a cold. Those are examples of secreting. Your body is making and releasing those substances. Learn More a milky toxin from their parotoid glands, deterring predators and providing them with a line of defense.
Western Toad
Common Name
Western Toad
Other Names
Pacific Toad, Boreal Toad, Rocky Mountain Toad
Latin Name
Anaxyrus boreas
Distribution
BC, AB, YK, NWT
Appearance
Western Toads have a robust and stocky body with warty skin. Their coloration varies, ranging from shades of brown, gray, or green, often with dark spots or blotches. The parotoid glands located behind their eyes are large and noticeable.
Size
Adult Western Toads typically measure around 2.5 to 5 inches in length, with females generally being larger than males.
Habitat
Western Toads inhabit a wide range of habitats, including forests, meadows, wetlands, grasslands, and alpine regions. They require access to both terrestrial and aquatic environments throughout their lifecycle.
Behavior
Western Toads are primarily active during the night, seeking refuge during the day to avoid extreme temperatures and predators. During the day, they often seek shelter in underground burrows, crevices, or beneath logs or rocks. Male Western Toads exhibit territorialThe behavior of animals when they defend a specific area they live in or use for resources. Beavers can be territorial, especially when protecting their lodge. Learn More behavior during the breeding season. They establish and defend territories in and around breeding sites, which they use to attract females and deter rival males. Vocalizations play a crucial role in signaling ownership of territories. Western Toads are known to hibernateHibernation is a remarkable survival strategy used by some animals to endure harsh winter conditions. During hibernation, these animals enter a deep, prolonged state of reduced activity, characterized by a significant drop in metabolic processes, including heart rate and body temperature, allowing them to conserve energy and survive through the challenging cold months. Learn More during the colder months. They burrow into the ground or seek shelter in deep leaf litter, where they remain dormantDormancy is a state of rest or inactivity that some living things enter to survive challenging conditions. It’s like hitting a pause button on their usual activities. During dormancy, these organisms slow down their processes, such as growth and metabolism, until conditions become more favorable for them to become active again. Learn More and conserve energy until the weather becomes favorable again.
Diet
They are skilled hunters, feeding on a diverse diet of insects, spiders, worms, and other small invertebrates.
Lifecycle
Breeding occurs in water bodies such as ponds, lakes, or slow-moving streams. Females lay long strings of gelatinous eggs attached to submerged vegetation. The eggs hatch into tadpoles, which undergo metamorphosis over several weeks, developing limbs and lungs to become terrestrial toads.
Vocalization
Western Toads produce a distinctive call during the breeding season, resembling a high-pitched trill or a cat-like meow. Males are the primary vocalizers, using their calls to attract females and establish territory.
Defense Mechanisms
When threatened, Western Toads can secrete a milky-white toxic substance from their parotoid glands. This toxin acts as a deterrent to predators, causing irritation or even mild toxicity if ingested. It serves as a defense mechanism to protect the toads from potential harm.
Ecological Importance
Western Toads play an important ecological role. As insectivores, they help control populations of insects and other invertebrates, contributing to the balance of local ecosystemsAn ecosystem is a community of living organisms, like insects and birds, and non-living components, like water and rocks, that interact with each other in a specific area. Learn More.
ConservationThe act of protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment. Conservation efforts are important to protect beavers and their habitats. Learn More Status
The Western Toad faces various conservation challenges due to habitat loss, pollution, climate change, and the spread of a fungal disease called chytridiomycosis. Different populations of Western Toads may have varying conservation statuses, ranging from least concern to threatened or endangered.
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